Human nature as reflected in Macbeth Essay

Human nature has sparked much debate throughout history. Some people think that human nature at birth is absolutely good and that all evil comes from postnatal education or the negative effects of parental or guardian interaction. This idea is evident in a Chinese saying which translates as â€Å"Men at their birth are naturally good.† Conversely some people argue that human nature is initially evil, and provide an example by citing the observation that when a person is very young, he or she always and only asks for food and is indifferent to the feelings of others. Such a view interprets this phenomenon to indicate that human nature is originally selfish. It seems clear that Shakespeare may have favored the second perspective because in Macbeth it clearly shows that human nature is selfish, and even though postnatal education can change a human’s mind, it can only reduce or hide his or her selfish nature to some extent, and in addition, the selfish nature will most likely be present when it is activated or spurred by certain circumstances. My idea about human nature is reflected in Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, who initially is a loyal general to his king, Duncan, and valiantly protects his king and country also showing nobility and little indication of his darker side. In Act 1 Scene 2, it is clear that Macbeth was a brave soldier who ignored the danger he was in, â€Å"[f]or brave Macbeth disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel, which smoked with bloody execution, like valour’s minion, carved out his passage till he faced† the rebel leader. Macbeth’s heroic deed demonstrates that he was loyal to his country and the king who calls him a â€Å"peerless kinsman† and appears to trust Macbeth. However, after meeting three witches, Macbeth thinks of murdering Duncan although he wonders to himself why he has murderous thoughts. Despite his earlier surprise about his thoughts when he is told by the witches that he will become king Macbeth, prompted by his wife’s encouragement and also her disdain at what she calls his cowardice, his â€Å"brain sickliness† when he further hesitates decide to murder Duncan. On second thoughts he again hesitates and almost convinces himself that he should not murder the king with various reasons: one of them was that Macbeth was Duncan’s kinsman and also his subject, so Macbeth should always try to protect the king as he states: â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed†.(Act 1 Sc, 7) Before Macbeth’s desire of pursuing kingship became uncontrollable, Macbeth was still trying to restrain himself from committing the deed and decides to remain loyal stating that his only reason to kill Duncan was to fulfill his ambition. Shakespeare does not tell audiences where Macbeth’s loyalty originated. However, in Act 1 Scene 6, Macbeth constantly expresses his gratitude to Duncan which indicates his appreciation for the new title of Thane of Cawdor which the king gave him, and the honour he attained when Duncan came to his castle. It is evident that even though these expressions were Macbeth’s mask to hide his real plan, Macbeth still hesitated before he did the murder. It represents that he was somewhat reluctant to kill the king and his loyalty was from a profound sense of responsibility. However, the presence of three witches and their predictions spurred his selfish nature along with the criticism of his wife three witches said that Macbeth would be Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and king step by step. In Act 1 Scene 3, right after the first two predictions really came true, Macbeth stated to himself, â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the use of nature?† This quotation illustrates that the murder plan of Duncan had already settled in Macbeth’s brain. He did not do the murder immediately because he still needed a further spur to make him put his plans into actions. When Lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth to kill the king, Macbeth could not resist the desire to pursue the kingship and the great power he would like to get; as a result. Macbeth killed the king and obtained the kingship. For convincing Macbeth, Lady Macbeth mainly used pathos to spark Macbeth’s self-esteem, his confidence and his anger. First of all, she stated that if Macbeth did not dare to do the murder, he was an animal but not a man. She also said that when Macbeth dared to do it, he was a man; if he went one step further by doing what he dared to do before, he would be much more than a man; â€Å"What beast was ’t, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man.† These words really made Macbeth feel shame, and anger, and also the desire to show himself that he was a real man was prompted by his self-seeking, egotistical selfish nature. Without human logic, people, including Macbeth, find it much easier to do some irrational things such as murder. Secondly, Macbeth did have the desire to be king, but he still worried about his future life after the murder even when his desires were fulfilled. Lady Macbeth told her husband that the murder would not be a failure if he dared to do it commenting â€Å"We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we’ll not fail.† This was a guarantee of success for Macbeth; it actually reduced Macbeth’s concern about his future life after the murder. Lady Macbeth’s persuasive words are considered the circumstance that activated the selfish and evil part in Macbeth’s mind. At this moment, Macbeth really changed his mind and the evil part in his brain arose indeed. In the â€Å"dagger soliloquy†, Macbeth saw a dagger, which was leading him towards Duncan’s bedroom in front of him. He said â€Å"Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still†; this part does tell the audience that Macbeth was not one hundred percent ready to kill but his mind had already encompassed the deed. At the end of this scene, Macbeth finally â€Å"screwed his courage to the sticking point† and decided to do the murder as he stated to himself â€Å"I go, and it is done. The bell invites me. Hear it not Duncan, for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or the hell.† In Macbeth’s’ mind, to contest the kingship was more important than anything else at this moment. His selfish nature was adequately exposed by his murder plan for Duncan; however, it was only the first step because to sustain his rule, he was going to kill other people even though they were his friends since he was so strongly self-seeking became evil enough to murder anyone who stood in his was.. After Macbeth acknowledged that his own children would not be the king, but instead, Banquo’s descendants would become kings, this issue became the most critical one in his brain. Thus, instead of being merciful to his old friend, Macbeth commanded three murderers to kill Banquo and Banquo’s son, Fleance, as they returned to the castle. As a result, three murderers killed Banquo, but Fleance escaped. This foul and tragic deed seemed very useful   for Macbeth to sustain his rule over Scotland. In the meantime, Macbeth’s selfish nature was clearly evident and he believed the witches prophecy that no one could kill him who â€Å"was of woman born† which made him confident he could stay in control. His selfish, self–seeking nature was at a peak, and he even seemed indifferent to his wife’s death. However, things will develop to the opposite side when it becomes extreme. In Act 3 Scene 4, Macbeth started to see hallucinations of Banquo during the feast, which refers that Macbeth was threatened by his own deed that made him feel guilty and upset. Later on, at the end of this play, Lady Macbeth also became crazy because the people saw that she sleepwalked with a candle and viewed all the bad deeds she had done. Thus, it is clear that when a person has extreme and uncontrollable selfishness, it also brings more or less disasters to himself. In conclusion, Macbeth’s changing process sufficiently proves that human nature is selfish and sometimes evil; it can only hide in human’s mind but can never be wholly eliminated. In addition, in some circumstances, this kind of selfish nature can be recalled and create some terrible results. Evolutionary theory indicates that we have originated from primitive organisms that also produced dinosaurs and crocodiles. As the offspring of such bloody forebears, we have their genes and our bloody nature is even beyond theirs. Macbeth’s greedy and selfish nature was activated by his wife and the witches; then he created catastrophe to others and also to himself. As wise animals, we should restrict our selfish nature and control ourselves; otherwise, we will continue to create tragedies of death and destruction to satisfy ourselves.

Gladstones social and economic reforms in his first ministry Essay

Gladstone’s first ministry (1868-74) was elected in favour of Disraeli’s Conservatives, despite the fact that it was the Conservative Party which passed the Second Reform Bill, because the electorate felt that Gladstone had consistently supported reform. As such, his ministry passed many reforms in their first tenure. There are a range of criteria by which these reforms can be deemed successful, and many interpretations of Gladstone’s reform programme. One interpretation of the reforms of Gladstone’s first ministry is that it was, in the words of historian E. J. Feuchtwanger, a â€Å"great reforming ministry†. In terms of social reform, there is much to commend this view. Although far from the most notable reform carried out by this ministry, the Married Women’s Property Act (1869), which gave married women legal status and allowed women to keep à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 of their own earnings, was one of the most important pieces of legislation regarding women’s rights. The Education Act of 1870 also made advances in gender equality, as it made provision for girls to attend school, leading to the suffragette movements in 1918 and 1928. So, in terms of women’s rights, the social reforms of this ministry can be judged a success, as although the changes may not seem hugely significant, they were the foundations for further campaigns and reforms. The 1870 Education Act greatly pleased the working classes and in dicated a move away from laissez-faire in government legislation, but it also caused divisions in terms of religious teachings, with Catholics clashing with Anglicans. However, the short-term drawbacks are dwarfed by the protracted consequences and the benefits therein. It is clear at this juncture that Gladstone’s ministry was committed to extensive reform. The Cardwell Reforms of 1872 concerning the British Army were more focused on making the Army a more efficient Imperial force, and the Judicature Act of 1873 aimed to simplify the British legal system, establishing a single Supreme Court of Judicature and tidying up the organisation and roles of the courts. Both of these measures show effective and logical attempts to cut public expenditure and count as unequivocal successes, despite opposition from the House of Lords and Queen Victoria with regards to the Cardwell Reforms. The Irish Church Disestablishment Act (1869) showed a willingness by Gladstone to make concessions in Ireland in order to maintain peace. The reforms of this ministry, then, can be deemed successful when judged against Gladstone’s own aims of ‘peace, retrenchment and reform’. In terms of economic reform, Gladstone’s ministry was perhaps less successful: entry to the Civil Service on the basis of a competitive exam (introduced in 1870) qualified as a success in terms of ‘reform’ and ‘retrenchment’; in terms of clear economic policy, however, there was very little done by the ministry, perhaps because the economy was faring well and did not require government intervention. So, it can be seen that the programme of reform passed by Gladstone’s first ministry, although not complete successes, consisted of effective and progressive changes which shaped the future of the country. The ministry reformed with good intentions, and impr oved efficiency of some the nation’s key institutions. However, another interpretation of these reforms is that they were not part of a ‘programme’ at all; more that they were a series of unplanned reforms that alienated supporters. The aforementioned Education Act is a good example of one of the main problems with even the most successful reforms made by Gladstone’s ministry: while they may have appeased or please one faction of the population, they served to alienate or anger another. Sometimes reforms alienated two sides: the 1872 Licensing Act drew criticism from temperance groups like the United Kingdom Alliance for not being harsh enough on drinking, but also incurred the wrath of the working classes whose access to beer was restricted. This mild piece of legislation had highly adverse consequences for the Liberal Party, and they further irritated the working classes through economic reform, namely the Trade Union Act and Criminal Law Amendment (1871). This Act and Amendment, which gave trade unions full legal rights before banning strikes and picketing, cost Gladstone a great deal of working class support, and shows a distinct lack of success in his aim of ‘reform’. However, the introduction of the Trade Union Act allowed for support of the whole labour movement, and can therefore be seen as a long-term answer to an omnipresent problem. Reduction in income tax in 1874, from 6d. to 3d. in the pound may have satisfied the people and given stimulus to the economy through higher general spending, follows the Gladstonian aim of ‘retrenchment’ in one sense, as it gives the government less to spend, but it may also mean that more progressive measures are not taken as a result of cost. In terms of Gladstone’s aim at ‘peace’, his ministry was again arguably unsuccessful. While the Irish Church Disestablishment Act was a progressive concession to the Irish, it heightened expectations in Ireland, which in turn increased the chances of future unrest. Again, Gladstone’s ministry fail to preserve ‘peace’, then. Cardwell’s abolition of the purchase of commissions caused outrage in the elite classes and obscured the far-sightedness of other army reforms. A pattern is emerging: Gladstone’s reforms seem to irritate every single faction of the population (even Queen Victoria, who opposed the Cardwell Reforms), and this cost his ministry so much support that the Liberals lost the 1874 elections. This is not the mark of a successful ministry, and it can thus be said that, although Gladstone’s ministry may have had good intentions, the haphazard and unstructured programme of reforms single-handedly lost them the subsequent elections, qualifying these reforms as unsuccessful. Perhaps it would be most prudent to argue that although Gladstone lost support in the short-term, his ministry reformed with regards to the future. Theirs was a far-reaching and innovative programme of reform, and it covered a wide breadth of areas, from women’s rights to army reform. At the cost of support and a consecutive term in government, in a fashion similar to Peel and his Corn Law Repeal, Gladstone’s ministry pushed through many unpopular but effective reforms. And although to proclaim that his first ministry was ‘one of the finest instruments of government that ever were constructed’ may be rather hyperbolic, it worked with honest aims at progressive reform, rather than the more cynical reform of the preceding Disraeli administration. A successful programme, then, with bad consequences for the party.

BP Commerce Analysis

BP Commerce Analysis â€Å"I believe strongly that we need a work environment where everyone can bring all of themselves to work every day and not feel like they have to be someone else in order to succeed.† -Tony Hayward, BP CEO /BP is one of the largest organizations in oil, gas, and alternative energy industry in the world. It employs more than 100 000 people across the world and provides essential oil, gas, and energy products for nearly 13 million customers every day in more than 100 countries. The company has a wide range of businesses including exploration and production, refining and marketing, gas & power, and alternative energy (BP, 2010). Despite the success in the market or economic downturns, organization always must care about their employees who bring this success through skills, competencies, and hard work. Therefore, company must have a diversity and inclusion policy in place in order to create perfect working environment for these employees, to motivate them, remunerate, and ret ain the best. We might ask ourselves why diversity and inclusion is so important to any large or small company. The answer is that employees, shareholders, customers, suppliers, and community partners place a high value on organization for being fair and meritocratic (BP, 2010). Furthermore, we need to recognize the availability of skilled employees is getting smaller in nowadays market and economic situation. Every organization tries to attract new skilled labor and to retain talented employees in the company. In order to achieve that, organizations must have reputation, operational processes and imbedded policies, working climate that not only respects differences, but expose them for competitive advantage. BP is a multinational organization and it is essential to have an up-to-date policies and procedures in place for evaluation and monitoring purposes in order to comply with equality and inclusion policies, avoid any kind of discrimination, and ensure equal opportunities for eve ryone. Different organizations have different policies and practices and in order to compare BP to others, this organizational audit will review BP’s other main competitors such as Exxon and Shell for a comparison on diversity and inclusion issues, provide investigation summary of BP’s equal opportunity and equal pay practices, and provide action plans and cost and benefit analysis in order to enhance equality and diversity practice in the organization. A Summary of Analysis The purpose of this project is to produce diversity and inclusion analysis for BP’s North Africa Strategic Performance Unit (further NA SPU) based on pay review recommendations in 2009 for employee’s to be effective on 1st of April 2010. I will be looking at Level E (senior level leaders) to Level K (administration) concentrating on equal pay issues and gender inequality (gaps) among UK employees only. The reason for this is that NA SPU has fairly big population and it is down to UK e mployees based locally in UK and in the businesses across the world. More to mention, this SPU is a perfect representation sample for other similar strategic performance units across the organization. 270 employees in North Africa Strategic Performance Unit (NA SPU) 139 UK nationals in NA SPU

Can one teach people to be good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Can one teach people to be good - Essay Example Education philosophy helps the student to develop himself into a good human, in addition to acquiring the required skills to solve the present day problems. Education is a process of inculturation, into some specific culture. This process transpires, informally in the family, church, media, government and the press. Educational institutions enable formal enculturation. Thus, interaction between the people and society is of great significance. People share values and behaviour, and education transmits values to the succeeding generations(Kritsonis). In general, the good inherent in a society is transmitted to the pupils. The long established philosophies serve to influence the perceptions of the people, and education transmits these philosophies. There are several factors that determine the effectiveness of education. These include instruction, curriculum, role of the teacher, role of the student, and the commitment of the school to effect change(Kritsonis). Educational philosophy nurtures the character of individuals, helps them to gain knowledge, and makes them ready to undertake responsibility in each and every aspect of their life. Teenagers are enabled to obtain the elements of mankind, and this places them in a better position to circumvent social problems (Hassan, 2009, p. 466). Through educational philosophy, one can teach good things to others in a much simpler manner. Educational philosophy consists of some important factors. These are based on the manner in which children acquire knowledge, the objective behind education and schools, and the function of the teacher. These elements permit one to assess the subjects to be taught and the procedure to be adopted in such teaching. Moreover, classroom management and discipline techniques have a direct bearing on the elements of educational philosophy(Widick). Philosophy of education emerged predominantly from the analytical efforts of the English thinkers. However, education issues were not strangers to the classical philosophers, such as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates, and the more recent stalwarts, like Kant and Dewey. Nevertheless, the pioneering work in this genre has been deemed to be that of C. D. Hardy(Seshadri, 2008). From the perspective of Emotional Literacy Education, it is incumbent upon every individual to comprehend himself and other individuals. On the other hand, the extant education system is founded on the belief that every person should acquire the ability to perform arithmetical calculations, read and write(Zimmerman, 2005). These latter accomplishments enable the student to obtain a certain degree of economic capability. Mere economic capability cannot enable a man to attain knowledge that is useful for leading a happy and productive life. Despite the seemingly pragmatic approach of the existing educational system, there are quite a few drawbacks. For instance, no method is taught by means of which the pupil can achieve happiness, which has been described as an emotional and economic state. This resulted in the emergence of Emotional Literacy Education, which employ terms that enable a student to evaluate his emotional beliefs(Zimmerman, 2005). Emotional beliefs cannot resolve problems in a meaningful manner. This is the major drawback with the present educational system. The stalwarts of education philosophy, of the ilk of Prof. R.S. Peters have declared that

Analyze the physiological and psychological reactions to stress Essay

Analyze the physiological and psychological reactions to stress - Essay Example No matter what the intensity of stress, its victim reacts to it physically and emotionally. This paper is going to elaborate: Physiological reactions to stress include high blood pressure, gastrointestinal problems, fluctuations in the chemical composition of body fluids, insomnia, addiction to smoking or alcoholism, and other illnesses. Individuals are apt to show different levels of these physiological responses to a particular stressor (Koslowsky, 1998, p. 90). When an individual is undergoing a stressor, such as, being jammed up in traffic when an exam is going to start in a few minutes, an increased heart rate occurs as a stress-response due to the discharge of certain hormones, like adrenaline and cortisol, into the blood. The individual’s respiratory system takes in extra oxygen. Blood gets thickened and is directed more toward imperative muscles which become tightened in preparation for some unexpected action. When the individual comes out of the stressor, heart rate reduces allowing blood to come to its normal constitution and hormone level gets down to normal. All of these physiological stress-reactions are not independent. These depend on psychological responses, that is, orders given by the nervous system or the sensors of the body. When an individual senses that he is in stress, his brain sends orders through neurons or nerve cells to different parts of the body which brings about changes in the physiology. The individual jammed in traffic senses that he is in great stress, his nervous system accepts these signals and passes them over to the neurons which make the body function accordingly. He tends to be irritable and there is an intense startling response. Another psychological reaction is suffering through nightmares and repeated thoughts or flashbacks about the stressor. Under a stressor like the death of a relative, the psychological responses may include getting shocked,

Child Poverty in the United Stated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Child Poverty in the United Stated - Essay Example We have read several articles that address the question of child poverty in the United States. In order to begin to try and gain a critical perspective on this big issue, I will be discussing some of the issues these articles failed to address, in what ways the recommendations they make are unrealistic, and what obstacles exist in the implementation of those recommendations. I will also consider opposing points of view by anticipating the most common objections to the solutions these writers propose. As you will see, even after a brief survey of current thinking on such an important matter, it will be obvious that the issue is both complicated and so interwoven with almost every aspect of society, that while the answer is definitely yes, there is much that could be done to alleviate the vicious cycle of child poverty, there are no solutions that could be successfully pursued without a deep and long-lasting commitment from a very large segment of society because the fact of the matter is: Many have benefited from the very policies and decisions that have created this problem. In Jonathan Marshall’s article, â€Å"Child Poverty Is Abundant†, he asserts that â€Å"economists don’t fully understand the causes of the great inequality [of income] in the U.S,† but it seems to me that the long-term effects of economic decisions in the past 50 years can give us a pretty good idea of the causes, such as freezing the federal minimum wage off and on for years at a time or giving corporations tax incentives for adding jobs overseas or just across the border. Apparently the long-term effect of these decisions on the working poor was not the main priority when they were being made. We need to know why other considerations were thought to be more important, because someone benefited from them, and values different than a commitment

The religious culture of the Yami Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The religious culture of the Yami - Essay Example The â€Å"Legend of Imulud† demonstrates explains why bamboo, fish, iron, and silver are considered by the people of the Yami tribe to be of great importance. Silver which is assumed to have been discovered by the Son of Bamboo, is frequently used by the Yami for purposes such as ornamentation of helmets for ancestral ceremonies as well as when performing religious rites. On the other hand, Iron, which is alleged to have been discovered by son of Stone, is considered insignificant. The myth demonstrates the importance of Bamboo. Yami as well as many Asian cultures use bamboo for several purposes such as a delicacy for many households. The creation story depicts a harmonious association between the Yami and the fish. This is because the Yami value maline food. Therefore, the Yami culture is greatly embedded in the Yami creation myth. Therefore, the â€Å"Legend of Imulud† is crucial in explaining the creation of man as well as clarifying the social mores observed by the Yami society. The â€Å"Legend of Imulud† clearly explains the history of the Yami and the reasons why they respect certain objects. However, it fails to explain the Yami cosmology. By this, I mean that the concept of how the gods came into being is lacking. However, the myth is quite similar to the creation story in the bible, which also fails to explain the origin of God. Therefore, the myth demonstrates that not everything can be explained (Yami Culture Web). The Belief System The Yami belief system comprises of cosmogony that is considered as underdeveloped. However, some researchers argue that the cosmogony could have been developed but has regressed. The belief system is based on belief in aspects such as demons. However, the belief has some features that are reflective of Christianity practiced by denominations such as Protestants and Catholics. The Yami describe a pantheon comprising of numerous divine layers inhabited by different deities. The firs layer is considered the habitat for the main god who is referred to as Simo-Rapao. This god is considered in charge of all other gods. The other gods are supposed to report to him on all matters regarding the Irala people. Ayami myth claims that Simo-Rapao was responsible of creating the first two people. As aforementioned, the first two people were created from stone and bamboo. Simo-Rapao follows instructions from other gods and punishes wrongdoers as advised by the other gods. The pun ishments could be in terms of calamities that are capable of affecting the entire tribe. The second layer in inhabited by Sio-Mima, who is considered in charge of the world comprising of islands of Japan, America, Formosa, Ivatan. Si-Toriao is considered the occupant of the third layer. He is responsible of bringing rain as well as lightning. Si-Lovolovoin is considered the messenger of the gods. The Yami invoke Si-Lovolovoin in their chants especially during the fishing season when the natives request for plenty of flying fish (Leeming 278; Kuang web). Other gods such as Si-Videy and Si-Pariod occupy the lowest layer. The Yami myth claims that these two gods plenty of yams and taro and leave the people with very little food to survive on. When caterpillar invade the Yami territory, they blame it on Si-Videy and Si-Pariod. Pina-Langalangao and Sinan-Maniray are two female supernatural being that the Yami believe in. Although the two female gods are not considered part of the deities , the Yami believe that the two control the birth as well as the lifetime of the humans. According the Yima, the two female supernatural entities crack a coconut during birth and measure the juice that outpours. Additionally, the entities can assess the water-containing capacity and use it to determine the lifetime of an

Business Law (sales) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Law (sales) - Essay Example fficers of the dealer to verify if what the salesman is saying is true and to assert his right properly, the employer Happy Harry must be presumed to know that because the case facts says: â€Å" On August 29, 2002, Happy Harry notified Willie Rammit that his car had arrived that he could pick up the car whenever he wanted to but the sooner he did, the happier Harry would be.† This indicates prior knowledge on the part Harry to get Willie to get the car before August 30, the original delivery date; hence the employer could be faulted here for bad faith given what happened after wards.† B. Identify the legal theory on which Willie rely as the basis for his lawsuit, explain how the required elements of that theory apply to facts of Willie’s lawsuit. Will Willie succeed in his lawsuit? The legal theory on which Willie rely as basis of lawsuit is contractual negligence. There was negligence on the part of the manufacturer by forcing the buyer, through the salesman, to bring home the car. Although the car was not as per customer’s requirement, it does not justify the seller to be negligent in the product it made to sell from the manufacturer. The case facts say that it was the car engine that caused the fire and more over, Willie could not come out from the car to save himself and that the car was also the immediate cause why Willie was not able to get away from danger even assuming that the fire was an accident. The case facts are clear: â€Å"Willie left with the car and began driving to his home. Approximately thirty (30 minutes) while he was still driving home, the engine of the car caught fire and Willie was trapped inside the car because he could not get his seat belt unfastened due to the fact that the buckle was stuck and would not unlatch. As a result of being stuck in the belt, Willie was severely burned over seventy percent of his body. He was hospitalized with his burns for five (5) months.† For negligence to be used as basis of liability,

Criminal justice Mini study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal justice Mini study - Research Paper Example The research problem in this context can be recognized as the conduct of graffiti by gangs in community such as in schools. Conceptually, graffiti refers to certain writings or drawings made on the walls of the communities asserting messages of threat. In various cities of the nations like in the case of New York, the police officers have been assigned to look after this issue. Thus, in this regard, graffiti in the community is the research problem to be identified (Maxfiled and Babbie 237-238). Reviewing the prior research. Prior research refers to the study of the current situation of the problem of graffiti with reference to the available data. This step of planning gives more attention on the selection of data collection method and also gives a clear view of the measures to be taken for solving the problem. Relating to this aspect, the notion of units of analysis specifies on the identification of the problem through the conduct of researches based upon primary along with secondary data (Maxfiled and Babbie 237-238). Research findings of content analysis of graffiti in community. Research findings will contain the implications of the problem i.e. conduct of graffiti in the community. This provides much attention on the goals and the rationales of the study conducted on graffiti in the community. The other aspect concerning the formation of content analysis require to be taken into concern is that the study must not be too limited towards manifest content and also not much extended towards latent analysis. Manifest analysis gives more importance to the goal of the study, whereas latent analysis focuses upon seeking independent evidences. With regards to the problem of graffiti, it can be affirmed that this problem must not only be identified, rather proper solutions to eradicate this must be found out and implemented (Maxfiled and Babbie 237-238). Planning of coding system for the study. This planning step focuses upon the establishment of

The Benefits of Virtual Meetings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Benefits of Virtual Meetings - Essay Example By comparing the merits with the demerits, business people can determine the viability of using a virtual meeting platform. Travel - Virtual meetings negate the need to travel, saving days out of the work week that would have otherwise been sent traveling abroad to present reports. The removal of travel costs also makes the method less expensive. Improvement in B2B businesses - The use of virtual meetings makes it easy for businesses to set up a cordial working relationship, as the virtual meetings encourage constant interaction. As a result, the relationships between businesses improve, and trade blossoms (Wilson, Valencia & Smith-Bindman, 2014). Cost and learning curve – Not all people or businesses can afford to set up an effective Virtual Meeting system. Even when they afford, getting the best out of the virtual meeting program will take a lot of time to familiarize (Wilson, Valencia & Smith-Bindman, 2014). AS such, it can get on the nerves of those who have short tempers, or even embarrass them. Participation Values - The use of Virtual Meetings does not assist the people who have problems with participation. In fact, the performance of such people lowers when they use a Virtual Meeting medium. As such, it may not assist in bringing the best results. As such, it becomes evident that Virtual Meetings have their advantages and disadvantages. However, an assessment of the demerits reveals that they can be easily dealt with if the system is created in an organization, through training. As such, I would recommend businesses to consider them medium as an effective communication

Human psyche Essay Example for Free

Human psyche Essay The urge to compete is a large part of the human psyche. When this sense of competitiveness is taken to the extreme, a war may erupt. Throughout the history of humanity wars have been waged, even before the advent of writing, when poets where there to capture their essence. The epic poem The Iliad by Homer describes a war that took place almost two thousand, seven hundred years ago. The Greek society in which Homer lived was considered more violent than any in existence today. This gave him all the inspiration needed to create an epic war poem. By revealing to the reader the futility and horror of war, Homers Iliad offers an excellent critique of society, more specifically the fragility of human civilization and the savagery of human nature, when under the extreme pressures of combat. This masterful piece of literature, although written in many centuries ago, has much insight on ancient Greek society that can still be applied, with a modern twist, to todays world. The style Homer used in his epic poem was unconventional and highly successful. Compared to many other novels or poem of its time, as well as most modern pieces of literature, The Iliad is much longer. This both helps and hinders the texts ability to convey the messages and meanings of war. In order to capture and preserve the audiences interest during such a long poem, Homer took the reader on adventures beyond the Trojan battle field and into the life of each individual solider. By doing this, the reader feels drawn into the story and shares the horrors and futility the Greeks faced during the Trojan War. A large part of Homers work is dedicated to war and battle scenes. The main reason for this is because many believed Greek society, which took place seven hundred years before Christ, was brutally violent. Fighting was an everyday occurrence and brought honour among the warriors. The Greek gods did not dissipate the violent society; in fact they encouraged it by demanding animal s acrifices as part of daily rituals. It is this bloodlust, along with Homers original style, that has made The Iliad popular and highly influential to this day. War stories depict, through their graphic imagery, the horrors and tragedies taking place during a battle and The Iliad is no exception. The Iliad is most effective at portraying the futility and horrors of war throughout the text with all the gory details. Homer does an excellent job at capturing the realism of each battle scene in over five thousand lines of prose, nearly one third of the poem. As critic Martin Muller points out in Fighting in the Iliad the poet and his audience like such [battle] scenes and their periodic occurrence require no greater motivation then bar-room brawls in a Western. The following quote illustrates Homers ability to evoke graphic images during a battle:  The shaft pierced the tight belts twisted thongs,  piercing the blazoned plates, piercing the guard  he wore to shield his loins and block the spears,  his best defense-the shaft pierced even this,  the tip of the weapon grazed the mans flesh,  and dark blood came spurting from the wound. (pg149, p2) This quote gives the reader a clear image of what is happening as the shaft wounds the unfortunate soldier. Homer also adds to the horrors of the war by telling us about the history of each individual solider before their death. With about two hundred and fifty names in the text, all with individual stories behind their life or death, the story may become murky but never unemotional. Many times a character will be introduced only to be killed off within the same chapter. This adds to the death, destruction and ultimately the horror of the war the Greeks and the Trojans are fighting. As well as reminding the reader of the horrors of war, Homer tells of the futility of fighting such a bloody battle. The sense of frustration and futility of the war is clearly sown as the Greeks fight the Trojans for more than nine years on end. With war comes death, a fact that resounds throughout the Iliad:  While Euchenor knew that boarding the ships for Troy  meant certain death: his father told him so  time and again the strong old prophet said that  hed die in his own halls of a fatal plague  or go with the ships and die at Trojan hands. (pg362, p3) In this quote, describing the life of a solider before he is killed, we see that his efforts during the war appear pointless. He could have met a similar dishonourable death by staying home and enjoying his life. Death represents the futility of fighting a war because it is the only guaranteed result. Monarch Notes tells that since death is a constant presence in life we may better see how men value their lives when they are close to that presence. Homer does an excellent job of bringing the reader down to the battle so that the futility of war can be closely felt.

Historical Analogy of the Democratic Party’s position in the Southern Region of America Essay Example for Free

Historical Analogy of the Democratic Party’s position in the Southern Region of America Essay America’s Democratic Party is one of the country’s two major political parties. The organization has a long history, but when compared to the Democratic Party of 1792, today’s party is very different. The Democratic Party was founded in the 1790’s by Thomas Jefferson, who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson became the first Democratic President of the United States in 1800. Over next 70 years, as the organization grew, so did its support in the South. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, African Americans favored the Republican Party and its anti-slavery views, while the Democratic majority was Southern Whites, who were not in favor of political rights for former slaves (Grantham, 1992). In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant, a Republican, was elected President with the help of African American Republicans, who were voting in a presidential election for the first time. During Grant’s presidency, the Radical Republicans introduced the15th Amendment, which stated that a right to vote could not be denied because of â€Å"race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (Carnes Garraty, 2006, p. 434) Over the years, the Democratic Party has left behind many of its old principles and ideals, especially with today’s presence of African Americans in the party. The Democrats once maintained the support of White Southerners by backing Jim Crow laws and supporting racial Historical Analogy 2 egregation, but today, the majority of African Americans vote for the Democratic ticket (Aldrich, 1995). African Americans began to shift from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party in the 1940s, despite the Democrats opposition to 14th Amendment, which granted citizenship to â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† (Carnes Garraty, 2006, p. 430). In the election of 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, added civi l rights to his party platform. As a result, Roosevelt and the Democratic Party gained support from African American voters (Aldrich, 1995). Today, the majority of African Americans are registered as Democrats. John Kerry carried 89% of the African American vote in the 2004 presidential election, and African Americans continue to gain more political position in the Democratic Party (Wenner, 2004). In 2008, the Democrats nominated Illinois Senator Barack Obama, as its presumptive presidential nominee, solidifying Obama’s place in history as the first African American to be a major political partys presumptive nominee for President of the United States. For almost a century after the end of the Civil War, the Democratic Party had a strong presence in the Southern region of America. From 1880 to 1960, the region was known as the â€Å"Solid South† because Democrats won by large margins in the area (Grantham, 1992). The Solid South began to come apart when President Harry S. Truman, a Democrat, began supporting the civil rights movement (Black Black, 2003). Following Roosevelt’s path, civil rights was a part of Truman’s 1948 Democratic platform, used at the Democratic National Convention. Historical Analogy 3 As a result of Truman’s endorsement of the civil rights movement, which included adopting a resolution to condemn the Ku Klux Klan, many conservative Southern Democrats walked out of the National Convention and left the Democratic Party (Aldrich, 1995). The Democratic support of the civil rights movement significantly reduced Southern support for the Democratic Party and allowed the Republican Party to step in and gain a little success in the South. In the 1950s, the Southern Democrats, who opposed the Democratic Party’s support of the civil rights movement, formed the Dixiecrat Party, which was led by then-Governor of South Carolina, Strom Thurmond. When the Dixiecrat Party proved to be unsuccessful, Thurmond and many other former Southern Democrats switched to the Republican Party. â€Å"Thurmond, a tenacious champion of unreconstructed conservatism, abandoned the Democratic Party to become the first Republican senator from the Deep South in the twentieth century† (Black Black, 2003, p. 1) The Republican Party’s strength in the South grew during the election of 1964. Although Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat won the election, he did not carry the five states of the Solid South, which included Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama (Aldrich, 1995). The Deep South states provided an electoral victory to the Republican candidate, Barry Goldwater. It was the first time since Reconstruction that a Republican carried the South in a presidential election (Carnes Garraty, 2006). Johnson and the Democrats continued to lose support in the South by supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After signing the landmark legislation, Johnson said to his aide, Bill Moyers, Historical Analogy 4 I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come (Grantham, 1992, p. 12). As support for the Democrats in the South dwindled, in 1968 election Republican candidate Richard Nixon used â€Å"Southern Strategy,† to capitalize in the election (Carnes and Garraty, 2006, p. 810). Nixon used a method that attracted the former Southern Democrats, who were still conservative and supported segregation. With his strategy, Nixon defeated the Democratic candidate, Hubert Humphrey, in the election. The era of the Solid South proved to be over, with the Democratic candidate only carrying one Southern state in 1968 election (Dewey, 1992). The Republican’s strategy to win voters in the South alienated African American voters from the Republican Party and pulled in more Southern Whites, who did not support integration, which was favored by the Democratic Party. Over time, Southern White voters continued to support the Republican Party. Today the Democratic Party is no longer the dominant party in the South. The South is now considered a stronghold of the Republican Party. In 2000, presidential candidate Al Gore received no electoral votes from the South, and neither did John Kerry in the following election in 2004 (Wenner, 2004). As the Democratic Party‘s strength weakens in the South, the opposite is happening in the Northern region of America. The Democratic Party was weak in North from the 1880s to the 1960s, when the organization controlled the South, but it is now strongest in the Northeast (Black and Black, 2003). In the 2004 election, all nine Northeastern states, from Pennsylvania to Maine, voted for the Democratic ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards (Wenner, 2004. Historical Analogy 5 From supporting slavery in the 1800s to supporting its first African American presidential candidate in 2008, the Democratic Party has evolved. Despite going through name changes, leaders and incarnations over the years, the Democratic Party has retained its same basic values. It prides itself on being the party for the working people, but as Americaâ₠¬â„¢s view of who was entitled to be a referred to as the working people has changed, so did the views of Democratic Party.

CNS Involvement in GBS: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential

CNS Involvement in GBS: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIAL AS AN INDEX OF CNS DEMYELINATION IN GB SYNDROME Dr. Smita Singh*, Dr. Nitesh Mishra**, Dr. Shraddha Singh#, Dr. Sunita Tiwari## ABSTRACT: Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe and fulminant polyradicular neuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. GBS manifest as rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbances. It mainly involves peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system. There are rare evidences about the involvement of central nervous system (CNS) in GBS. The main objective of the study was to assess the CNS involvement in GBS using the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP). The study was conducted in the clinical neurophysiology lab in the department of physiology, CSMMU Lucknow. Study group involved 26 subjects (n=26) having GBS and control group involved 30 normal subjects (n=30). BAEPS were recorded by Neuroperfect- EMG 2000 EMG/NCV/EPsytem. The data so obtained were subjected to analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0. There was significant increase in PIII PV peak latencies and PI-PIII PI-PV interpeak l atencies in both left and right ear in the study group, which showed the CNS involvement in GBS which can be assessed using BAEP. Key words: Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome, Central Nervous System, Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential INTRODUCTION: Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe and fulminant polyradicular neuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. GBS manifest as rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbances. The usual pattern is ascending paralysis i.e. weakness begins in distal limbs but rapidly advances to affect the proximal muscle functions. Lower cranial nerves are usually involved causing bulbar weakness and difficulty with handling secretions and maintaining airways. Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR) usually disappears with in 1st few days of onset. Bladder dysfunction if present is usually transient1. In severe cases of GBS autonomic involvement is common. Usual feature are loss of vasomotor control with wide fluctuation in blood pressure, postural hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias. Pain is another common feature of GBS most common is deep aching pain in weakened muscles. GBS shows mainly two types of pathophysiology, demyelinating form and axonal degeneration. Basis of demyelinating form is conduction block, which results in flaccid paralysis and sensory disturbances. Recovery is possible as remyelination occurs. Axonal degeneration shows slow rate of recovery and results in greater degree of residual disability. CSF shows albuminocytological dissociation that is elevated CSF protein level (100-1000gm/dl) without accompanying pleocytosis. CSF usually remains normal when duration of illness is less than 48 hours. CSF protein level increases at the end of first week of illness. Electrodiagnostic features are mild or absent in early stages and lag behind clinical evolution. Demyelinating form shows prolonged distal latencies, slow conduction velocities, conduction block and temporal dispersion of compound action potential. Axonal form shows decrease amplitude of compound action potential without conduction slowing and prolongation of latencies. There are several clinical, pathologic and electrophysiologic evidences that have established that GBS affects predominantly the peripheral nervous system. Focal demyelination of the Schwann cell derived myelin has been described. Neuropathologic and electrophysiologic evidences for involvement of central nervous system are rare. There are few studies2, 3, 4, 5, which have been performed to explore the involvement of CNS in GBS. However, there exists no study in the Indian environment regarding the same. The present study is an effort to explore the CNS involvement in GBS by measuring auditory evoked potentials. This test evaluates the integrity of auditory (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential) pathway by measuring evoked potentials. Evoked potentials are recorded as electronic impulses by surface electrodes attached to the scalp. A computer extracts these low amplitude impulses from background brain wave activity and averages the signals from repeated stimuli. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials, produced by delivering clicks to the ear, and help to locate auditory lesions and evaluate brainstem integrity. MATERIAL METHODS: The study was conducted in the clinical neurophysiology lab in the department of physiology, CSMMU Lucknow. The subjects of study group were selected from neurology, pediatrics and medicine department of CSMMU Lucknow and selection of the subjects of study group had been done on the basis of detailed history, though clinical examination, laboratory investigations and clinically proven cases of GBS. Normal healthy controls were selected after through clinical examination and it was insured that they do not have any apparent clinical illness that may affect the evoked potentials. Clearance from the institutional ethical committee was obtained written informed consent had been taken from the entire subjects study and control group. The study was conducted on clinically diagnosed cases of GBS of both sexes. The subjects were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical examination, and typical CSF profile (albuminocytological dissociation) and electrophysiological evidences of demyelination. Subjects having prior neurological illness, apparent hearing and visual impairment, AFP due to another cause were excluded from the study group. All the subjects of study and control group were tested under similar laboratory conditions. Subjects were given sufficient time to relax rapport had been established so that they feel comfortable and cooperate during investigation Recordings of BAEPS: BAEPS were recorded by Neuroperfect- EMG 2000 EMG/NCV/EPsytem. The EPs were recorded with disc electrode from standard scalp location. Electrode were placed at vertex (Cz, reference electrode) ,ipsilateral and contralateral mastoid process (Ai and Ac active electrode) and forehead (Fz, ground electrode) after proper cleaning the scalp or skin site with alcohol followed by EEG conducting paste For recording 2000 click stimuli at the rate of 11Hz/sec with duration of .1 ms were delivered at 70 dB. The other ear was masked by pure white noise at 40 dB. This click generated by passing 0.1 ms square pulses trough shielded headphone. Electrical impedance was kept less than 5 kilo ohm. Peak latencies of all the waves I., II, III, IV and V and interpeak latencies of I-III,II-V and I-V were determined for both right and left ears separately. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data so obtained were subjected to analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0. The data has been shown as mean ±SD, to compare the difference between the normal and healthy controls; â€Å"t† test for independent samples has been carried out. The confidence limit of the study was kept at 95%, hence a â€Å"p† value less than 0.05 denoted statistically significant difference. RESULTS: Table 1: Peak Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials for Left Right Ears ** p Table 2: Inter-peak latencies for BAEP for Left Right Ears * P DISCUSSION: Guillian Barre syndrome (GBS) is regarded as a predominantly motor neuropathy with transient or absent sensory features. Although the central nervous system is rarely involved, GBS associated with CNS, manifestations has been described in children by Okumura et. al (2002)6. and in adults by Maier H et. al. (1997)3, and Muller HD et. al.(2003)4 Maier H et. al. (1997)3 observed histopathological changes in CNS of GBS patients. He found infiltration of macrophages microglial cells and/or lymphocyte in different areas of central nervous system. Spinal cord and brainstem shows lymphocytic infiltration and microglial activation. Histopathological feature of CNS involvement is also observed by Muller HD et. al. (2003)4 in form of the cellular infiltration of spinal cord though not very significant and suggested CNS involvement in GBS occur, though rare. There are few studies which had demonstrated CNS (changes) lesion in GBS on neuroimaging. Nadkarni N et. al. (1993)7 observe MRI finding of CNS white matter lesion in patient of GBS who had developed symptoms of optic neuritis after plasmapharesis. These findings suggest there may be possibility of same antigenic mechanism of pathogenesis in CNS as well as peripheral nervous system. Okumura et. al. (2002)6 reported the clinical course and electrophysiological and neuroimaging of a patient of GBS associated with CNS lesion. He found mild slowing of background activities without paroxysmal discharge in electroencephalogram (EEG), mildly prolonged N2 latency with abnormal waveform in VEPs. BAEPs were unremarkable. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) there were multiple lesions in cortex and sub-cortex in the right occipital lobe and in the deep white matter in both frontal lobes. Despite all these lesions there was no evident CNS manifestation in the case. This implies that an association of CNS involvement in patients with GBS could be under estimated because some lesions can be clinically silent. The present study was an effort to evaluate central nervous system involvement in patients of GBS in Indian population because there is no study regarding the same performed in the India. In the view of known pathologic involvement of most proximal portion of peripheral nerves in GBS, the most likely cause of these BAEP abnormalities is focal demyelination of Schwann cell derived myelin sheath that covers the extramedullary portion of the auditory nerves. Prolongation I-III IPL indicative of lesion in the auditory nerve to medullary junction or lower pons around superior olive trapezoid body. The prolongation of I-V IPL suggests the abnormality of conduction of auditory signals from the proximal auditory nerve to the mesencephalon via pons. The findings of the study of BAEPs are comparable and show similarity with the results of study done by Zgorzalewicz M et. al. (2003)8 except there is an additional finding of IPL III-V prolongation in our study. In the study done by Schiff JA et. al. (1985)9 had also found prolonged I-III inter peak latencies (IPL) in five of six patients of GBS and I-V IPL in two of six patients, these results are comparable with the present study. Ropper AH et. al. (1986)10 also find the BAEP abnormality in the form of I-III and III-V IPL prolongation in patients of GBS, though that was not clinically significant. Whereas Nelson KR et. al. (1988)11, find the BAEPs abnormality in patients of GBS as prolongation of wave II latency and total absence of BAEM wave form in the early stage of disease and with the complaints of sudden onset of deafness, hearing improved with the recovery and BAEP abnormality of conduction block was replaced as a prolongation of wave I latency. After convalescent period BAEPs become normal. In present study there was no case present as similar complaint and BAEPs finding. Topcou M et. al. (1993)12 had performed evoked potential study in patients of GBS and found BAEPs and VEPs values were abnormal in some patients during early course of illness, though the values were not statistically significant. Wong V et. al. (1997)13 had found BAEPs abnormality in Miller Fischer syndrome (MFS), a variant of GBS. His findings of BAEPs abnormalities suggest proximal auditory nerve and brainstem involvement. CONCLUSION: Thus it can be concluded from our study that though often ignored, the central nervous system demyelination does occur in Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome (GBS) and the same can be assessed using evoked potentials like Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP). REFERENCES: Harrisons; Principle of internal medicine, 15th ed. McGraw-Hill 2001. Lobuz-Roszak B, Pierzchala K, Kapustecki J, GBS central nervous system symptoms, Neurol Neurochir Pol 2004 May-June; 38 (3) : 221-6. Maier H, Schmidbauer m, pfausler B et al., Central nervous system pathology in patients with the GBS, Brain, 1997 Mar, (pt 3); 451-64 Muller HD, Beckman A, Schroder JM, Inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord of patients with GBS, Acta Neropathol (Berl) , 2003 Dec, 106 (60 : 509-17 Nadkarni N, Lisak Rp , GBS with bilateral optic neuritis and central white matter disease, Neurology, 1993 Apr, 43(4) : 842-3 Okumura A , Ushida H , Maruyama K et al., GBS associated with central nervous system lesions, Arch dis Child 2002 Apr ; 86 (4) : 304-6. Nadkarni N, Lisak Rp , GBS with bilateral optic neuritis and central white matter disease, Neurology, 1993 Apr, 43(4) : 842-3 Zgorzalewicz M Zielinska, Kilarski D. Brain stem auditory visual evoked potential in children adolescents with GBS, Neurol Neurochir Pol, 2004; 38(1Suppll): 531-7 Schiff JA , Cracco RQ, Cracco JB, Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in GBS, Neurology. 1985 May; 35 (5). Ropper AH, Chiappa KH, Evoked potentials in GBS, Neurology, 1986 Apr; 36(4): 587-90 Nelson KR , Gilmore RL, Massey A , Acoustic nerve conduction abnormalities in GBS ,Neurology, 1988 Aug ; 38(8): 1263-6 Topcu M, Ergin M, Nurlu G et al., Evoked potential in GBS, Turk J Pediator, 1993 Apr- Jun; 35 Wong V. A neurophysiological study in children with Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain Barre Syndrome. Brain Dev. 1997 Apr; 19(3): 197-204.

the deathmetal bands of today :: essays research papers

Official deathmetal band of 2001 many of them are saanist but hundreds are good ol christians. Abominant Absolute Zero Aceldama Acerbus Acheron Acrimony Agent Steel Amon Amarth Amorphis Anal Blast Anal Cunt Anasarca Ancient AncientCeremony Angel Corpse Arius Autopsy Torment AutumnLeaves Avulsed Bal-Sagoth Bane Bastardword Beheaded Benevolence Bleeding Display Blood Coven Bloodgasm Bloody Sign Bloodvomit Bolt Thrower Borknagar Brodequin Broken Hope Brutal Noise Butchery Cadaverous Cannibal Corpse Carcariass Carnal Grief Castrum Catastrophic Centinex Children Of Bodom Ciborium Cinerary Ciribus Coffin Texts Coprofago Corpsevomit Crack Up Cremation Crematorium Crest ofDarkness Crimson Thorn Cryptopsy Damien Thorne Dark Days Dark Disciple Deaden Dead Jesus Deamon Decapitated Decay Of Salvation Deeds of Flesh Deicide Defleshed Dehumanized Demion Deprecated Deranged Descendent Devourment Diabolic Diabolic Intent Diabolous Dimmu Borgir Dismembered Fetus Disgorge Divine Empire Divine Rapture Dying Fetus Dwelling Madness E.C.T. Enforsaken Engrave Enshroud Epicedium Eternal Tears of Sorrow Eulogy Evil Incarnate Exhumator Exposing Innards Famine Fates Warning Fleshcrave Fleshgrind Gallery of Darkness Gates of Ishtar God Dethroned Gorgasm Gorlock Hadez Horde Hate Hate Eternal Hate Plow Hatescar Hatework HavohejEnorhted Hellwitch Impaled Immolation Immortal Dominion Incantation Infamy Infernal Majesty Infernal Torment Infest And Corrupt Infestum Inflames Infusion Inhuman Hatred Insanity Internal Bleeding Judas Priest Kabak Kataklysm Krabathor Krisiun Langsuir Lehavoth Leukorrhea Lividity Lockup Maladiction Malamor Maleficent Malevolent Creation Malignancy Meatshits Meltdown Morbid Angel Monstrosity Mortician<?A> Mortuorio Necrophagia Neurosis New Plague Nile Nightwish Ninth Level Noctuary Nun Slaughter Obelisk Obituary Obscurity Of Trees And Orchids Oratorium Origin Orphanage Pains Invention Pessimist Postmortem Prophecy Putrilage Purgatoria Purge Cannister Rancor Regurgitation Requiem Rise Rise Rudra Sadistic Intent Sanctorum Scythe Sepsism Sevenday Curse Setherial Sickness Sirrah Sinergy Sinister Six Feet Under Skinless Slaughter Of Souls Slayer Solstice of Suffering Splattered Cadaver Stratovarius Suffocation Tchildres Thanatos The Insomnia The Kovenant Therion Thorazine Thy Serpent Tiburon Ton Trokar Twin Obscenity Unnatural End Unsanctified Victims of Internal Decay Villainthrophy Vociferation Ethernity Vulpecula Warmen Within Wormed Vader Vehemence Viiarcano Vile Violencia Viral Load Virus Visceral Bleeding Vivisect Vomit Remnants But there are un official deathmetal abnds as well here are some of them:Brujeria Cannibal Corpse Cannibal Corpse Web of Razors(COB) Children of bodom Children of Bodom Death Dimmu Borgir Hate Eternal Morbid Angel Nightwish Sepsism Sinister Slaytanic Therion Venom Deathmetal is a low sounding violent assult on all your cense and it is becoming evermore popular in the subculters of todays youth. bands like cannibal corpse and slayer with some what satanic lyrics and punching chords todays youth have no choice but to become the children of the new disease. here is an qutobioThe Story: Back in Buffalo,NY in 1989 the breaking up of two bands, Tirant Sin and Beyond Death, resulted in the creation of a monster called "Cannibal Corpse". The group recorded a demo in Niagara Falls, NY entitled "Cannibal Corpse", not "Suffocation" like many of you think. The demo caught the eye of Metal Blade Records and the band was signed right away. The birth of "Eaten' Back To Life" was the first step to being the GODS of death metal. Check out the discography section for a complete listing of albums and song titles. There have been several changes in the line-up throughout the bands's history, First the departure of Bob Rusay. Listen to the first album & you will understand why. Without Jack Owen, the guitar-playing on the album would sound like mud. The acquisition of fellow Buffalonian Rob Barrett, who had also played in Dark Deception, Solstice and Malevolent Creation was a welcomed change. Rob left Cannibal Corpse in late 97' to persue other areas. Next came the departure of Chris Barnes who later formed his own band, Six Feet Under. This occured during the recording of "Vile" which was, at the time, tentatively entitled "Created to Kill". Thats where George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher came into play. He has been a change for the better and has done a great job in filling the shoes of a great singer for his time.

The Narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper -- The Yellow Wallpaper

The Narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the narrator becomes more depressed throughout the story because of the recommendation of isolation that was made to her. In this short story the narrator is detained in a lonesome, drab room in an attempt to free herself of a nervous disorder. The narrator’s husband, a physician, adheres to this belief and forces his wife into a treatment of solitude. Rather than heal the narrator of her psychological disorder, the treatment only contributes to its effects, driving her into a severe depression. Under the orders of her husband, the narrator is moved to a house far from society in the country, where in she is locked into an upstairs room. This environment serves not as an inspiration for mental health but as an element of repression. The locked door and barred windows serve to physically restrain her: â€Å"the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls.† The narrator is affected not only by the physical restraints but also by being exposed to the room’s yellow wallpaper is dreadful and fosters only negative creativity. â€Å"It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide – plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions.† All through the story the yellow wallpaper acts as an antagonist causing her to become very annoyed and disturbed. There is nothing to do in the secluded room but stare at the wallpaper. The narrator tells of the haphazard pattern having no organization or symmetrical plot. Her constant examination of and reflection o... ...reep over him every time!† Clearly this treatment is issued with good intentions but fails to bring about positive results. Gilman tries to show that according to her husband, the narrator continually brings her great depression upon herself. The author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman also attempts to show that the lack of social exposure, physical repression, and ugly wallpaper cause the treatment to be extremely ineffective and detrimental. The disorder which is being treated is actually strengthened to the point of a serious mental illness. Similarly in today’s society, medical and psychological advice may have the same effect. Medical technology and practice have progressed considerably since the time of the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper.† This is not to say that today’s physicians are infallible. Perhaps some of today’s treatments are the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† of the future .

Veitnam War :: War, History, Politics

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vietnam War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When most people hear the words Vietnam, what does it make them think about? The main answer most people come up with is death, or policing actions of the United States. The Vietnam War wasn’t about death it was about the French Colonial Rule of South Vietnam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Vietnam War was the legacy of Frances failure to suppress nationalist forces in Indochina as it struggled to restore its colonial dominion after World War II.† This is the start of Vietnam War. This is also one way that America was brought into the conflict of Vietnam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war was further escalated by North Vietnam trying to go in South Vietnam and turn them into a communist nation. Then America was brought more deeply into Vietnam as a policing effort to stop communism. â€Å"Military leaders viewed the Vietnam War as the Chinese doctrine of revolutionary war in action, (using Chinese and Russian arms to boot.)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States had a geopolitical aim, they were to try and contain the spread of communism. This is one of the main reasons for America to go to Vietnam, to help stop the spread of communism the â€Å"United States supported the anti-communist regime known as the Republic of Vietnam,† or South Vietnam. The United States was in Vietnam to stop the North Vietnam communism movement by means of the U.S. staring air raids in the country. â€Å" Despite the U.S. military aid, heavy bombing, the growing U.S. troop commitment, and some political stability in South Vietnam after the election, the two countries were still unable to defeat the Viet Cong and North Vietnam forces.

Physical Education †National Study Essay

To examine the support and provision for football in England, I will be researching how the sporting structure in the country helps performers from first-level elite stage through to area, county, regional and national selection. The diagram below shows the pathway a typical performer would take to reach the top level of elite representation. There is evidence to suggest that the schools in England. have realised their importance in introducing football to children, however, not only is football offered through the PE curriculum, but schools also offer pathways into a wide range of additional opportunities for example, after-school clubs & into competition. There are soccer schools all around the country which help develop the talents of specific players, one such school is the Orpington FC Soccer School whose aim is to provide football for players of all abilities. It takes place every Saturday morning, with the school being divided into two sections: Minis (Boys & Girls) 3-5 years old and Academy (Boys & Girls) – Year 1,2 and 3. It only costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 per session. Well-renowned football clubs all around the country also hold soccer schools sessions to enhance the ability of performers of all ages. Arsenal Soccer Schools, held by Arsenal Football Club try to get children to â€Å"play the Arsenal way†. By guiding players through extensive training programmes, they take time to nurture and develop youngsters since 1985 and have network centres all over the world. The techniques used are the same ones senior players from Arsenal use in the training ground, developing their technical ability. They have soccer school locations all over the country and it is at your own digression to click on the ‘course locator’ they have to find the nearest one near you. Read more:  Essay About Physical Education Sports Academies are also present around the country to develop performers, the HCC Football Academy (Hackney Community College Academy) have been in operation for over a year and have already won the UEFA Festival of Sport. The UK-Football Academy located in Luton, Bedfordshire ensures performers have the opportunity to be showcased via Professional Football Trials in the presence of top football scouts from the Premier League right down to the Blue Square Premier. Their coaching is delivered by UEFA ‘A’ & ‘B’ licensed coaches; they also pride themselves in teaching ‘essential life skills’ which they believe will aid performers’ paths into professional football. County Associations are one of the fundamental pathways into supporting performers. As Appendix [1] shows, each county is represented by one member of the FA Council. Each Development Team works to provide coaching and funding to children and adults throughout their area. Included within this sphere is the awarding of the FA Charter Standard, the development of women’s and girls’ football, the promotion of minority groups within the game and the running of a series of courses to aid coaching standards. They are also responsible for administering club and player registration as well as promoting development amongst those bodies and referees . Football’s National Governing Body – The F.A is responsible for developing and regulating the game at levels from international football to the grassroots. They invest à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60m into the game each year with the income mostly coming from sponsorships. The F.A. Hat-Trick Programme delivers Community Football Development workers in the most deprived areas of the country, and they are committed to removing any barriers to people of all ethnic backgrounds playing football. The professional structure of football is important in the development of performers. The system contains a hierarchy of leagues following the principle of relegation and promotion. The advantage for performers is that teams from more prominent teams than the one they play can purchase them from their respective clubs. Talent Identification of each phase of the football performer pathway is as follows: Phase One: (Identification of Talent) – Teenagers between 14-16 are screened within their school via a host of physical and physiological assessments, and then their results are compared against a national database, if they show evidence of surpassing the average standards, they progress onto level two. Phase Two: (Testing Stage & Selection Stage) – The screening stage continues as in Phase One but this time, the testing is more sport-specific. This phase sees if they can use the results they had in Phase One and implement them into a more sport specific environment. If there is an indication of increased sports potential, then they will be in the ‘selection’ phase. Phase Three: (Development Stage) – Young athletes who have been identified as talented, and selected for a particular sport via testing, will be invited to participate in a talented athlete programme – the ‘development’ phase. Different clubs have different requirements to identifying talented players, e.g. TIPS – technique, intelligent, personality, speed (Ajax Football Club), TABS – technique, attitude, balance and speed (Barcelona Football Club), SUPS – speed, understanding, personality and skills (Arsenal Football Club). After these phases, you will be invited to a trial at a club. Talent Identification schemes will simply pick the best individuals i.e. who they believe is most likely to make it as a professional footballer. Some football clubs want to test your fitness and your performance in a football match whilst others just concentrate on the latter. Speed is very important in football today as the game is very fast-moving and hence this attribute is considered by almost all clubs, normally they will judge speed by seeing performers sprint in a football match. It is of vital importance that there are opportunities for football performers for specific populations, who may be under-represented due to a wide range of barriers. In England, there is a whole host of opportunities specifically aimed at disabled athletes, the diagram below shows the importance the country pays to include everyone regardless of their ability: The level of provision for females in England is much lower than that of the provision for males, due to the lack of female teams and the lack of demand for female footballers. The FA funds full-time football development staff in each County Football Association to deliver its development programme. These include 47 Women’s and Girls’ Football Development Officers â€Å"working strategically across the country to introduce the playing opportunities required†. There is a gender imbalance for performers progressing through to elite level of representation. In conclusion, having researched the provision for football performers in England, I can say that there is no shortage of opportunities available and it is mostly at the digression of people to make the most out of them. One positive is that most of them are free and do not require any previous experience which is good as it involves everyone regardless of their ability. To improve provision for football performers, there could be a remit for females to progress through the pathways the same as males. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Football_Association http://www.hackney.ac.uk/about/sports-academies/ http://inclusion.youthsporttrust.org/downloads/cms/Inclusion/pathways_8_football.pdf http://www.orpingtonfc.org.uk/soccer-school/ http://www.playthearsenalway.com/ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmcumeds/1357/1357.pdf http://www.sportcentral.org.uk/football-news/ http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/WhatWeDo http://uk-footballacademy.com/

New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America

In his find view as, 1491 peeled Revelations of the Americas Before capital of Ohio, Charles C. Mann changes figments virtually the pre-Columbian America into scientific situations that nobody would deny. The password is a discussion ab out(p) the scientific tenderkind of inherent American biography clock time onward Columbus parcelicularise posterior in America. As it turns out, this view of human cosmoss based on scientific expatiate is completely divers(prenominal) from what we had antecedently approximation about pre-Columbian America. The thesis of Manns guard ashenthorn be summed up in his receive words and soWhen I went to heights school, in the 1970s, I was taught that Indians came to the Americasacross the Bering Strait about abundant dozen pace years ago, that they lived for the most mapping in low, isolated groups, and that they had so diminished impact on their surround that change surface aftermillennia of habitation the continents re chi ef(prenominal)ed mostly out of workerness. Schools passive im quit thesame ideas today. One air to add up the views of people standardized Erickson and Bale wouldbe to presuppose that they regard this forecast of Indian liveness as maltreat in nearly every aspect. Indianswere hither utmost bimestrial than antecedently theory, these researchers debate, and in much greater come ups. And they were so do at imposing their leave on the landscape that in 1492 Columbus perform animal foot in a cerebral hemisphere thoroughly marked by humankind. aft(prenominal) introducing the main thesis of his account take that, in concomitant, immanent Americans were remote to a greater extent civicized than we had previously imagined Mann begins quality One metrical composition from nowhere by dealing with impertinent England in the 1600s, and the chronicle that European engineering was far superior to American Indian technologies. This myth was based on the fact that th e Indians did non appreciate guns. However, the candor is that the Indian moccasins were far more comfortable than the boots of the European and the canoes construct by the domestic Americans were speedier and more maneuverable than the small boats do by Europeans.Next, the agent gets into a discussion about the reasons for the accrue of the Inca conglomerate. During this discussion we assure that turn the Europeans utilize metal to make tools, the Indians determination it for tokens. Moreover, the Europeans had apply horses while invading the Inca conglomerate, and the Indians did non arouse the engineering to beat the intruders on horses. Still, the Inca Empire collapsed mainly because of disease in addendum to factionalism. There had been a civil contend after the Native Americans had clashed with the Spanish. smallpox and dissimilar different epidemics were as well responsible for(p) for the give ear of the Inca Empire.The showtime part of Manns concord also tackles the controversy skirt the number of Native Americans in pre-Columbian America. Scholars exact dis obtaind on the population of the Indians. Whereas Dobyns believed that in that respect were nigh one hundred zillion Native Americans living before the get of the Inca Empire Henige argued that the population was much little. Yet, as Mann points out, thither is virtually no record to imply that the population of Native Americans was little.In addition to the above, the first part of the keep deals with the Aztecs. accord to scientific recount, the Aztecs were more advanced than we had previously believed them to be. The classical thinker-teacher model prevailed among them as tlamatini.Part twain Very grey-headed Bones provides scientific state united to the skeletons of Lagoa Santa that were found in Brazils caves to solve that the Indians and the Siberians serving common ancestry. Agriculture, too, is a tension of this part of Manns control. According to the former, the Indians began breeding maize right from scratch assumption that the sever had no wild ancestor. With the development of maize, the Mesoamerican life was upgrade advanced. The Olmec civilization is mentioned as an example of the high-pitched culture that was promoted collectable to advancement in agriculture.Mann also provides assure that the Mesoamerican cultures do use of calendars, in addition to wheels. However, the wheels were use solely for small toys. This is because the Mesoamericans were geographically isolated, and consequently did non induce access to other peoples ideas on wheels.Part Three adorn with Figures is where Mann brings all of his cause together to conclude that there atomic number 18 things we charter to learn from the Indians. He discusses the Maya, and points out that the civilization was progressive in transforming land. Additionally, the author describes the rum use of rear by the Indians in this part of the record. Appargonntly, the Indians employ fire to benefit the plants as well as encourage the abundance of or so animals.Mann points to the error of h obsolescenting racialist views about the Indians in finding their uncommon culture apt(p) that such views drove our receptiveness to reality. As a issuance of fact, theIndians had reached their optimum level of environment. Before Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, however, the Europeans had changed the landscape created by the Indians.AnalysisIndeed, Charles C. Mann is cleanse in his belief that we amaze been conjointly provide in with the myth that the Native Americans were culturally backward. In point of fact, this myth does not surround the Indians alone. Rather, we are made to believe that all civilizations before the major(ip) ones as we know them the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Muslims, and the United States were culturally backward.We advertise tend to believe that it was approximately unacceptable for the civilizations of archaic to perform the kinds of astonishing whole kit that we perform today, with respect to our technology. And so, scholars splutterd for a long time trying to see how the antiquated Egyptians built the pyramids without our present technology. This struggle to witness was led by system.However, speculation is superfluous when scientific facts are before us. So, we are aware that the ancient Egyptians had their own technology to build the pyramids. We do not guess the exact nature of that technology. We may altogether know from the evidence we see collect thus far that some of the civilizations of old were far more forward-looking than we had previously imagined them to be. This is the exercise with the Indian civilization. Perhaps, this was also the case with the people of the Stone epoch, who talent have developed themselves in pr ice rink ofphilosophical thinking if nothing else.The fact that we do not possess tomes write by people of the Ston e Age or the Indians, does not necessarily head us to the conclusion that the civilizations in unbelief were less developed or evolved than we are. Rather, those civilizations used their expert capacity in a different way. Believers in the scriptures which recount the story of fling and Eve would all agree that the essential human being has not changed through the ages. Based on this view, only that which civilizations focus upon in their own time is probable to vary from civilization to civilization, and the human being is the same as he was in the beginning, that is, a being that is left over(p) and would like to see change.The main strengths of Manns book are its lucid language, and the wide gist of evidence collected by the author. Mann makes his book extremely arouse by addressing old myths, and describing the facts that must replace the myths. The book describes unique fruits, for example, that we had previously supposed to be wild. as yet so, the unique fruits cons umed by Indians were as nutritive as todays fruits. Mann describes interesting fruits with flavors like vanilla ice cream, for instance, and others that contained high levels of vitamin C and protein.The discussion that this book is made up of is very priceless in helping us understand improper perceptions. According to the author, Given the supercharged dealings between neat societies and primeval peoples, enquiry into Indian culture and business relationship is ineluctably contentious. To put it another way, exsanguinous societies may have deliberately unbroken us away from understanding the consequence of the Indian culture. I believe that this is untrue, given the bloodless societies emphasis on knowledge. Moreover, I dedicate that the mention of racism should not have been a part of this book. After all, the book was published in a albumen society to uncover the reality ofthe Indian civilization. As a issuance of fact, given the importance of the scientific evid ence in the book, it is expected that this book bequeathing be studied in white societies for a long time to come.Works CitedMann, Charles C. 1491 untried Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York time of origin Books, 2006.New Revelations of Pre-Columbian AmericaIn his breakthrough book, 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Charles C. Mann changes myths about the Pre-Columbian America into scientific facts that nobody would deny. The book is a discussion about the scientific reality of Native American life before Columbus set foot in America. As it turns out, this view of reality based on scientific detail is completely different from what we had previously thought about Pre-Columbian America. The thesis of Manns book may be summed up in his own words thusWhen I went to high school, in the 1970s, I was taught that Indians came to the Americasacross the Bering Strait about thirteen thousand yars ago, that they lived for the most part insmall, isolat ed groups, and that they had so little impact on their environment that even aftermillennia of habitation the continents remained mostly wilderness. Schools excuse impart thesame ideas today. One way to summarize the views of people like Erickson and Bale wouldbe to say that they regard this picture of Indian life as wrong in almost every aspect. Indianswere here far longer than previously thought, these researchers believe, and in much greaternumbers. And they were so successful at imposing their will on the landscape that in 1492Columbus set foot in a hemisphere thoroughly marked by humankind.NEW REVELATIONS OF pre-Columbian AMERICAAfter introducing the main thesis of his book that, in fact, Native Americans were far more civilized than we had previously imagined Mann begins Part One Numbers from Nowhere by dealing with New England in the 1600s, and the myth that European technology was far superior to American Indian technologies. This myth was based on the fact that the India ns did not appreciate guns. However, the reality is that the Indian moccasins were far more comfortable than the boots of the European and the canoes built by the Native Americans were speedier and more maneuverable than the small boats made by Europeans.Next, the author gets into a discussion about the reasons for the fall of the Inca Empire. During this discussion we learn that while the Europeans used metal to make tools, the Indians used it for tokens. Moreover, the Europeans had used horses while invading the Inca Empire, and the Indians did not have the technology to beat the intruders on horses. Still, the Inca Empire collapsed mainly because of disease in addition to factionalism. There had been a civil war after the Native Americans had clashed with the Spanish. Smallpox and various other epidemics were also responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire.The first part of Manns book also tackles the controversy surrounding the number of Native Americans in Pre-Columbian Americ a. Scholars have disagreed on the population of the Indians. Whereas Dobyns believed that there were around one hundred million Native Americans living before the fall of the Inca Empire Henige argued that the population was much less. Yet, as Mann points out, there is virtually no evidence to suggest that the population of Native Americans was little.NEW REVELATIONS OF pre-Columbian AMERICAIn addition to the above, the first part of the book deals with the Aztecs. According to scientific evidence, the Aztecs were more sophisticated than we had previously believed them to be. The Greek thinker-teacher model prevailed among them as tlamatini.Part Two Very Old Bones provides scientific evidence linked to the skeletons of Lagoa Santa that were found in Brazils caves to conclude that the Indians and the Siberians share common ancestry. Agriculture, too, is a focus of this part of Manns book. According to the author, the Indians began breeding maize right from scratch given that the crop had no wild ancestor. With the development of maize, the Mesoamerican life was further advanced. The Olmec civilization is mentioned as an example of the high culture that was promoted due to advancement in agriculture.Mann also provides evidence that the Mesoamerican cultures made use of calendars, in addition to wheels. However, the wheels were used only for small toys. This is because the Mesoamericans were geographically isolated, and therefore did not have access to other peoples ideas on wheels.Part Three Landscape with Figures is where Mann brings all of his evidence together to conclude that there are things we have to learn from the Indians. He discusses the Maya, and points out that the civilization was active in transforming land. Additionally, the author describes the unique use of fire by the Indians in this part of the book. Apparently, the Indians used fire to benefit the plants as well as encourage the abundance of some animals.Mann points to the mistake of holding racist views about the Indians in understanding their unique culture given that such views cloud our receptiveness to reality. As a progeny of fact, theNEW REVELATIONS OF pre-Columbian AMERICAIndians had reached their optimal level of environment. Before Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, however, the Europeans had changed the landscape created by the Indians.AnalysisIndeed, Charles C. Mann is correct in his belief that we have been collectively fed in with the myth that the Native Americans were culturally backward. In point of fact, this myth does not surround the Indians alone. Rather, we are made to believe that all civilizations before the major ones as we know them the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Muslims, and the United States were culturally backward.We further tend to believe that it was almost impossible for the civilizations of old to perform the kinds of amazing deeds that we perform today, with respect to our technology. And so, scholars struggled for a lon g time trying to understand how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids without our present technology. This struggle to understand was led by speculation. However, speculation is unnecessary when scientific facts are before us. So, we are aware that the ancient Egyptians had their own technology to build the pyramids. We do not understand the exact nature of that technology. We may only know from the evidence we have gathered thus far that some of the civilizations of old were far more sophisticated than we had previously imagined them to be. This is the case with the Indian civilization. Perhaps, this was also the case with the people of the Stone Age, who might have developed themselves in terms ofNEW REVELATIONS OF pre-Columbian AMERICAphilosophical thinking if nothing else. The fact that we do not possess tomes written by people of the Stone Age or the Indians, does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that the civilizations in question were less developed or evolved than we are. Rather, those civilizations used their intellectual capacity in a different way. Believers in the scriptures which recount the story of Adam and Eve would all agree that the essential human being has not changed through the ages. Based on this view, only that which civilizations focus upon in their own time is likely to vary from civilization to civilization, and the human being is the same as he was in the beginning, that is, a being that is curious and would like to see change.The main strengths of Manns book are its lucid language, and the vast amount of evidence collected by the author. Mann makes his book extremely interesting by addressing old myths, and describing the facts that must replace the myths. The book describes unique fruits, for example, that we had previously supposed to be wild. Even so, the unique fruits consumed by Indians were as nutritious as todays fruits. Mann describes interesting fruits with flavors like vanilla ice cream, for instance, and other s that contained high levels of vitamin C and protein.The discussion that this book is made up of is very valuable in helping us understand faulty perceptions. According to the author, Given the charged relations between white societies and native peoples, inquiry into Indian culture and history is inevitably contentious. To put it another way, white societies may have deliberately kept us away from understanding the significance of the Indian culture. I believe that this is untrue, given the white societies emphasis on knowledge. Moreover, I trust that the mention of racism should not have been a part of this book. After all, the book was published in a white society to uncover the reality ofNEW REVELATIONS OF pre-Columbian AMERICAthe Indian civilization. As a matter of fact, given the importance of the scientific evidence in the book, it is expected that this book will be studied in white societies for a long time to come.NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAWorks CitedMann, Ch arles C. 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York Vintage Books, 2006.

Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal

morals Game mannequin Reflective Journal Ethics Game air Reflective Journal Ethics is defined as the branch of philosophy concerned with evaluating human achievement meaning character, customs, or habitual offices, ethics encompasses a process of determining right conduct from wrong. (Guido, 2010, p. 3). Nurses argon confronted with numerous honourable dilemmas that argon intertwined with legal issues. Concepts of ethical and legal concepts argon frequently interplayed and conclusions between the dickens are often intricate.One must go by means of steps of the critical decision process and thoughtfulness among the four lenses for the outmatch solution. The four lenses include the Rights and state lens, the Results lens, the Relationships lens, and the paper lens. (Ethicgame, 2012). Based on moral, value and realistic one dope pursue to the best decision going through each lens. Two scenarios were presented in the ethic simulation game. The first one problematic a 16- year- old girl in lively labor, whose parents are adamant on limiting health check assistance and pain relief.Their decision was based on bad premise of religious belief to visit the longanimous for premarital pregnancy. The ethical dilemma in this case is that the uncomplaining is a minor, and legally the parents are entitled to make decisions regarding her manage. Ethi hollery, as contain we are in a position to do no harm and provide adequate care to the patient. In the simulation, question of many aspect of decision- devising were raised. flesh of action to take, stakeholders and how their perspective role will be influence by my decision were analyzed.Rights and responsibility and the ensue lens were used to make the decision in the simulation. The ethical thing to do in this fact is to advocate for the most vulnerable, which in this case is the patient who is a miner. Although her parents have the legal right, their intention was to penalise and not for the pa tients best interest. tranquillize the parents would essence in defying our duty as a nurse of nonmaleficence but going against their wishes may result in lawsuit. Additionally to challenge the parents of their intentions may inscribe negative feelings and violate their right to autonomy.Although the parents disapprove of their daughters premarital pregnancy, they would not want any harm to come to her. Through educating the parents on the severity of the circumstances they can be guided, and not forced, to make the right decision. The stand by scenario presents an unconscious(p) patient whose similar-sex house servant partner was denied addition for disaster. The written policy of the hospital is to treat domestic partners like married couples. The supervisor that made the call used their own interpretation of the policy blurred by their own agenda.The ethical dilemma in this situation is that equal rights that allow the same availability for domestic partner should be p rovided without discrimination to gender. The makeups core value was clearly profaned here, and interventions have to be made. Relationship lens and the Reputation lens were used in this scenario along with nurses duty to treat everyone as equals. It is canonic human rights to have their own support outline in a time of need. Especially in the case where the patient is unconscious, their domestic partner would be the one person who understands their wants and needs.It is unethical to deny affliction privileges based on race, religion, sexual orientation, color, or disability. In cases where it is medical appropriate, visitation privileges should not be restricted. Advocating for an unconscious patient of their domestic partners visitation rights would be in our ethical principle of beneficence. Concepts in the simulation jolt recalls of various scenarios in my oeuvre where ethical decision had to be made. work in a long-term acute care facility, I encounter numerous patients who are unconscious or are pronounce medically incapable of making their own decisions.As a trusted health care professional, we are the patients voice who cannot speak for themselves. My second line I work as a supervisor for a convalescent hospital. Working in this young day with very culturally diverse world as a supervisor I would need to set the tone for my organization. Legal, medical, and ethical ramifications are considered and cautiously analyzed for situations in both of my jobs. Struggling with decomposable ethical decisions is frequent as nurses. The model in the ethics simulation game provides the importance of opinion needed by utilizing the four lenses.The most ethical decision is often not the easiest one to make. Ethics has personal value attached and varies upon each individual. Working for loss leaders who values ethics and staff who understands the same values is a must for the best outcome. Advocating for the patient at times means jumping through hoops. S etting our personal agenda and interest by is a basic requirement as a healthcare professional. The team needs a leader that can assess a situation and use appropriate judgments to come up with the best solution.Medical, legal, ethical consequences must be considered in complicated situations disregardless of different values. As one with authority, it is important to be committed to inspire and motivate others based on the organizations core value. To have the knowledge and tools to assess and the best course of action proves to be crucial to throw the best solution. References EthicsGame. com (2012). Ethics Lens Inventory. Retrieved August 30, 2012 from http//www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/ doorsill/List. aspx Guido. G. W. (2010). Legal & ethical issues in nursing (5th ed. ). upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.